Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine in the shape of an "S" or "C." It can cause the bones of the spine to turn (rotate) so that one shoulder or hip appears higher than the other. If left untreated, scoliosis can have some long-term effects. Depending on the degree of curvature, the condition can worsen during adult life. In addition to curving, the spine can begin to rotate, contributing to diminished lung capacity and the development of restrictive lung disease. Cosmetic concerns are significant to many patients.

Causes
Scoliosis can run in families, although the exact cause is unknown (idiopathic). It can occur at any age. Infantile scoliosis occurs in children less than 3 years old, and may result from a birth defect, disease of the nerves and muscles (such as muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy), injury, infection or tumors. Juvenile scoliosis occurs in children between the ages of 3 and 10 years old and is not common. Adolescent scoliosis occurs after the age of 10 years old and is the most common type.

Symptoms
Scoliosis in children and adolescents does not usually cause any pain. The most obvious symptom is the curvature of the spine.

Treatment
The type of treatment required depends on the kind and degree of the curve, the child's age, the number of years of growing until the child reaches skeletal maturity and the type of scoliosis. Treatment options include observation, wearing a brace and in severe cases, surgery.

Surgical Options
If the curve is more than 50 degrees and the child is still growing, the doctor may recommend surgery. Before the operation, your child can donate some of his or her own blood to reduce the risk of infection. The surgery requires a bone graft from the hip, ribs or a bone bank and may use a series of rods, hooks, screws or wires to straighten the spine. Patients can walk about on the second or third day, are discharged from the hospital within a week and can rapidly resume their daily activities. A return to some sports is possible in 6 to 9 months.